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You may be surprised to learn that some animals often prefer to work for their food rather than simply be given it, even when they have the option. This fascinating behavioral phenomenon is known as contra-freeloading. The term was coined in 1963 by animal psychologist Glen Jensen after he observed rats in an experiment. __1__ Various other species have exhibited this behavior, including birds, fish, and primates. This suggests that there’s an intrinsic motivation to make an effort in order to be rewarded.
I prefer to go to the movies rather than watch TV.
我喜歡看電影甚於看電視。
Kent made an effort to please his girlfriend.
肯特努力試著要討好女友。
These experiments serve no useful purpose.
這些實驗毫無用處。