【TOEIC 多益文法解惑室】第一章 分詞 #2 分詞句構

精準地列出考題常用的文法，同時不浪費篇幅（讀者的時間）在太基礎的文法上，很適合文法有一定基礎但不夠準確的人。

延伸閱讀 >> 【教你寫職場Email英文】#21 完成付款後，後續信件該如何回應?

　　在英文寫作中，適當運用句子＂簡化技巧＂可令文章更加簡潔流暢。「單句化簡法」允許我們將兩個句子合並為一，刪減重複主詞並將動詞變為分詞形式。形容詞子句中的關係代名詞若當主詞，也可藉由類似技巧簡化為分詞片語。一些特定連接詞引導的副詞子句在特定條件下也可簡化。 右側還附練習題讓你即時驗收喔！！

 

1. 單句化簡法

兩句在一起，若無連接詞相連時，往往第一個句子要化簡，變成分詞片語。法則如下：
a. 相同的主詞要刪除，不同的主詞則保留；
b. 之後的動詞要變成現在分詞；
c. 若該動詞為 be 動詞時，變成現在分詞 being 之後，可予省略，但亦可不予省略，以強調
『因為』的意思。

例:He was tired out, David went to bed early. (×)
→ Being tired out, David went to bed early. (○)
= Tired out, David went to bed early.
（大衛累壞了，就提早入睡了。）

John had nothing to do, John felt bored. (×)
→ Having nothing to do, John felt bored. (○)
（阿強沒事幹，因此覺得無聊。）
His son didn't work hard, the old man was very angry. (×)
→ His son not working hard, the old man was very angry. (○)
（這位老先生的兒子不努力，因此他很生氣。）
 

注意:
a. 上列三句中，前兩句的主詞相同，化簡的分詞修飾相同的主詞；稱為『從屬分詞片語』；最
後一句的主詞不同，化簡的分詞 not working hard 獨立修飾不同的主詞 His son，稱為『獨
立分詞片語』。
b. 變成否定分詞句構時，not 要置分詞前。
Being not happy about the student's performance, the teacher asked him to try again. (×)
→ Not (being) happy about the student's performance, the teacher asked him to try again. (○)
（老師對這名學生的表現不滿意，便要他再試一次。）
Having not finished the work, Peter felt worried. (×)
→ Not having finished the work, Peter felt worried. (○)
（因為沒有把工作做完，彼得感到憂心。）
c. 有時第一個子句是主句，第二個子句是輔句，此時亦可消滅第二個子句，變成分詞片語。
We will go picnicking tomorrow, weather permits. (×)
→ We will go picnicking, weather permitting. (○)
= We will go picnicking if weather permits.
（天氣許可的話，我們明天野餐去。）

I set out early,I knew that he was waiting for me. (×)
→ I set out early, knowing that he was waiting for me. (○)
（我提早出發，知道他在等我。）
d. 有時分詞片語在句首時，為表示更早發生的動作，應使用完成式分詞片語，即 "Having +
過去分詞"。
Doing the work, I left early. (×)
（我一面正在做工作，一面就提早離開。——不合邏輯）
→ Having done the work, I left early. (○)
= After doing the work, I left early.
（做完工作後，我就提早離開了。）
e. 分詞片語或 "介詞 + 動名詞" 形成的片語在句首時，應合理修飾主詞，使該主詞有
行使分詞或動名詞所表示的動作能力，否則就形成錯誤的不連接修飾（dangling modification）。
Writing in poor English, this letter is hard to understand. (×)
→ (Being) written in poor English, this letter is hard to understand. (○)
After finishing the work, the door was locked by me and went out. (×)
→ After finishing the work, I locked the door and went out. (○)

 

2. 形容詞子句化簡法:

在限定修飾的形容詞子句（即關係代名詞之前無逗點）中，若該關係代名詞做主詞時，可化簡
成分詞片語。法則如下：
a. 刪除關係代名詞；
b. 之後的動詞變成現在分詞；
c. 若該動詞為 be 動詞，變成現在分詞 being 之後，可予省略。

I don't like students who are unwilling to study. (○)
= I don't like students unwilling to study.
（我不喜歡不願讀書的學生。）
Who is that boy that is standing by the window? (○)
= Who is that boy standing by the window?
（站在窗邊的那小子是誰呀？）

注意:
1) 非限定修飾的形容詞子句（即關係代名詞之前有逗點）通常不得化簡為分詞片語。
I love my father, taking good care of us children. (×)
→ I love my father, who takes good care of us children. (○)
（我愛我爸爸，他很照顧我們孩子。）

2) 不過非限定修飾的形容詞子句句構若為 "關係代名詞 + be + 名詞" 時，則仍可化簡，形成同位語。
David, who is a good student, is well liked by his teachers. (○)
= David, a good student(同位語), is well liked by his teachers.
= A good student(同位語), David is well liked by his teachers.
（大衛是個好學生，很受老師的喜愛。）

 

3. once、if、unless 等三個連接詞所引導的副詞子句句構若為 "主詞 + be + 形容詞∕過去分詞"，且主詞與主要子句的主詞相同時，亦可化簡為分詞句構，法則與單句化簡法完全相同。

例: If I am free, I'll do it. (○)
= If free, I'll do it.
（我若有空就會做這件事。）
Once I am tired, I'll take a rest. (○)
= Once tired, I'll take a rest.
（一旦累了，我就休息。）
Unless I am tired, I won't take a rest. (○)
= Unless tired, I won't take a rest.
（除非我累了，否則我不會休息。）
不要將下列句子任意化簡為分詞句構：
If I have money, I will buy a car. (○)
→ If having money, I will buy a car. (×)
（假如我有錢，我將會買車。）

 

4. when、while 及 though 所引導的副詞子句句構不限，只要主詞與主要子句的主詞相同時，均可化簡為分詞句構。

例: When I am tired, I'll take a rest. (○)
= When tired, I'll take a rest.
（我累的時候會休息。）
When you do the work, you must be careful. (○)
= When doing the work, you must be careful.
（你做這工作時必須要謹慎。）

Though I had little time left, I still managed to help David. (○)
= Though having little time left, I still managed to help David.
（雖然我剩下的時間不多，我仍設法幫助大衛。）
While I was doing the work, I kept listening to music. (○)
= While doing the work, I kept listening to music.
（我做這工作時，同時聽音樂。）
While I was there, I had a good time. (○)
= While there, I had a good time.
（我在那兒期間過得很愉快。）

5. 表身體組織的名詞可變成過去分詞當形容詞用:

例: Who is that girl that has big eyes?
= Who is that big-eyed girl ?
（那個大眼睛的女孩是誰呀？）
同理:
a one-legged soldier　 獨腳的士兵
a black-haired girl　 黑髮的女孩
a bare-footed boy　　 光腳的男孩
a broken-hearted man　 心碎的男子
a two-headed snake　 兩頭蛇

6. 少數現在分詞可當介詞用:

including 包括                 touching 關於
excluding 除外                regarding 關於
considering考慮到；鑑於；從⋯⋯來看    concerning 關於
 

a. including / excluding

Everyone likes the movie,

excluding including

John.

=Everyone likes the movie, John

excluded. included.

=Everyone likes the movie,

exclusive of inclusive of

John.

（每一個人都喜歡這部電影，除了／包括約翰。）
＊上列第二句係獨立分詞句構，由下列句子化簡而成：

Everyone likes the movie, John is (being)

excluded. included.

（×, 兩句無連接詞連接）

(○)→Everyone likes the movie, John

excluded. included.

b. considering
Considering(介系詞) his performance, Tom can make a good teacher. (○)
→ His performance is(being)considered, Tom can make a good teacher.
→ His performance considered, Tom can make a good teacher. (○)
（從阿湯哥的表現看來，他可以當個好老師。）

c. regarding / touching / concerning

Peter wrote an essay

regarding concerning touching about on

pollution.

（彼得寫了一篇有關污染的文章。）

 

你學會了嗎？按右邊的「答題賺點數」，看此文法多益怎麼考 →

下一集將介紹「動名詞」的第1 節「動名詞的功能」，我們準時每週(四)早上見囉 ～

想看更多這類型文章嗎？現在就入會，每週一將收到免費的電子報喔！
入會及綁定LINE再享100元折價券 →

延伸閱讀 >> 解析文法【時態- 2】