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✶飛機雲：凡飛過必留下痕跡？ Contrails: More Than Just Streaks in the Sky
Contrails: More Than Just Streaks in the Sky
#環境·保育 #數位·科技·科學 #氣候 #永續發展 SDGs
難度 收藏文章
你是否曾在晴朗的日子抬頭仰望天空，看到一架飛機在雲層中高高翱翔呢？
>> 生活裡的療癒小火光The Uplifting Aroma of Scented Candles
目錄 /Have you ever looked up into the sky on a clear day and seen an airplane flying high in the clouds? If so, you’ve probably also noticed the long white streaks it leaves behind in its path. They are called contrails, and there’s more to these white lines in the sky than meets the eye.
>> 救花蓮於泥濘 鏟子超人集合！/日食未到，老樹先報
The jet fuel that powers the engines of a plane is intensely hot, often burning at more than 500°C. In contrast, the air temperature at high altitudes where commercial flights typically cruise can reach as low as -56°C. When the hot exhaust gases, which include water vapor produced by the burning of fuel, encounter the frigid surrounding air, they cool rapidly. This rapid cooling causes the water vapor to condense into tiny water droplets or freeze into ice crystals, forming visible trails known as contrails.
Contrails can help us make predictions on the weather based on their appearance. If a contrail is short and thin, it means low humidity at high altitudes, which is a sign of fair weather. A thicker, more persistent contrail suggests higher moisture levels in the air and can be a potential indicator of approaching storms. Also, contrails that look curvier and more stretched can indicate high winds in the upper atmosphere.
However, these contrails are not without impact on the environment. They trap heat that would normally escape Earth and lead to a warming effect. With such a high volume of flights occurring every day all over the world, the contrails we generate are having a measurable impact on climate change. For this reason, more companies are now looking into renewable fuels and hybrid airplane engines. With a little luck, these contrails can become a sign of better flying ahead.
What Did You Learn?
1. If you see a contrail that lasts for an extended period of time, what kind of weather does it indicate?
2. How do contrails pose a threat to the environment?
單字片語整理
Words in Use
●●vi. (乘船、飛機) 航行 ; (車緩慢) 巡行，巡邏n. 乘船遊蕩The airplane is now cruising at an altitude of 30,000 feet.
飛機現在正在3萬英尺的高度航行。We spent the whole night cruising down the highway in our truck.
我們整晚開著小卡車在公路上閒晃。A police car cruised through the street each night.
每晚都有輛警車在街上巡邏。My dream is to take a round-the-world cruise.
我的夢想是搭船航遊全世界。高中 Level 5●.vt. 使筋疲力盡；耗盡n. 排出的氣體（不可數）The traveler exhausted himself on the long walk.
這名旅行者走了這麼長的路而使自己筋疲力盡了。We overspent and exhausted our savings.
我們過度花費而把儲蓄都耗盡了。We overspent and used up our savings.
我們過度花費而把儲蓄都耗盡了。The machine gave off noxious exhaust.
這部機器排放出有害廢氣。The machine gave off noxious waste gases.
這部機器排放出有害廢氣。多益金色英檢中級高中 Level 4●●●●●●●●●n. （動 / 植）混種；混合物；油電混合動力車a. （動 / 植）混種的；混合的；油電混合動力車的=mixture=compoundWould you like to try this delicious fruit? It's a hybrid of a tangerine and an orange.
你想嚐嚐這美味的水果嗎？它是橘子和柳丁的混種。Gordon uses a management style that is a hybrid of two famous theories, and it is quite effective.
戈登使用的管理風格是結合了兩種知名的理論，而這混合過的理論非常有效。Today, some cars are completely electric, but hybrids that use both gas and electricity are still more common.
現在有些汽車完全是電動的，但同時使用汽油和電力的油電混合動力車仍更常見。Mason's dog is a hybrid breed―it is a cross between a poodle and a cocker spaniel.
梅森的狗是混種，是貴賓犬和可卡長毛獵犬的混種狗。In order to come up with a hybrid solution that would satisfy everyone, Henry considered suggestions from various managers.
亨利為了提出一個每個人都滿意的混合解決方案，他認真考慮了不同經理們的建議。One of the most popular hybrid vehicles is the Prius, which has been manufactured by Toyota since 1997.
普銳斯是最受歡迎的油電混合動力車之一，豐田從 1997 年開始生產此車款。高中 Level 6Extra Words
●contrail[ˋkɑn͵trel]n. (飛機航行中形成的)凝結尾●streak[strik]n. 條紋 / 痕●●frigid[ˋfrɪgɪd]a. 寒冷的●●renewable[rɪˋnjuəb!]a. 可再生的Practical Phrases
●leave... behind / leave behind...拋下⋯⋯；留下⋯⋯Sam could not leave behind the fun of city life, so he chose to work in the big city.
山姆無法拋下都市生活的樂趣，所以選擇在大城市工作。●There’s more to N than meets the eye.⋯⋯不如表面所見的那麼簡單。There's more to the city than meets the eye; it has a rich cultural history.
這座城市不如表面所見的那麼簡單；它有豐富的文化歷史。●in contrast相對地，相較之下Sarah is usually quiet. In contrast, her brother is always noisy.
莎拉通常很安靜。相較之下，她弟弟一向很吵。●look into調查某事物= examine= investigate= inquire into...The detective is looking into the past record of the man.
警探正在調查這名男子過去的記錄。The detective is investigating the past record of the man.
警探正在調查這名男子過去的記錄。The detective is examining the past record of the man.
警探正在調查這名男子過去的記錄。sign n. 跡象，徵兆
• The rising unemployment rate is a sign of economic instability.
上升的失業率是經濟不穩定的跡象。
以下介紹表「跡象，徵兆」的字詞：
a. sign 用以表達某個跡象或徵兆，表示某件事正在發生或表示某個現象的存在、真實與否。
b. indicator n.（某個過程、狀態或程度的）徵兆∕指標
• The falling leaves in autumn are an indicator of the changing seasons.
秋天的落葉是季節更迭的徵兆。
c. indication n. 跡象，表明（較為正式的說法）
• Dark clouds gathering in the sky are an indication of an incoming storm.
天空聚集的烏雲是暴雨欲來的跡象。
d. signal n. 表明，信號（常用於描述某種態度或應該做的事）
• The man’s fists, now balled tight, are a clear signal of his frustration.
那名男子現在緊握的雙拳清楚表明了他的沮喪。
e. symptom n. 問題的跡象；疾病的徵兆
• The protests in the streets are a symptom of growing dissatisfaction among the public.
街頭抗議是大眾之間有愈來愈多人不滿意的跡象。
• Fever is a common symptom of many illnesses, including the flu.
發燒是許多疾病的常見病兆，包含流感。
你是否曾在晴朗的日子抬頭仰望天空，看到一架飛機在雲層中高高翱翔呢？如果有的話，你可能還曾注意到飛機在飛過的路徑上留下長長的白色條紋。這些條紋被稱為凝結尾，天空中的這些白色線條不像表面上所見的那麼簡單。
為飛機引擎提供動力的噴射機燃料非常熱，通常燃燒溫度超過攝氏五百度。相比之下，在商業航班通常進行平穩航行的高海拔處，氣溫可低至攝氏零下五十六度。當熱廢氣 ── 包含燃料燃燒產生的水蒸氣 ── 遇到周圍嚴寒的空氣時，會迅速冷卻。這種快速冷卻導致水蒸氣凝結成微小的水滴或凍結成冰晶，形成稱為凝結尾的可見軌跡。
凝結尾可以幫助我們根據其外觀來預測天氣。如果凝結尾又短又細，就表示高海拔地區的溼度較低，這是天氣晴朗的跡象。較厚、持續時間較久的凝結尾表示空氣中的溼氣較高，這可能是暴風雨即將來臨的潛在徵兆。此外，看起來較彎曲、較長的凝結尾可能表明較上層大氣中存在強風。
然而，這些凝結尾並非對環境沒有影響。凝結尾讓本來正常會散出地球的熱滯留並產生暖化效應。由於世界各地每天都有如此大量的航班，所以我們產生的凝結尾對氣候變遷有顯著的影響。因此，愈來愈多公司正在研究可再生燃料和混合動力飛機引擎。如果運氣好的話，這些凝結尾將來可以成為航空更美好的跡象。
參考答案
1. An approaching storm.
2. They (trap heat that would normally escape Earth and) lead to a warming effect.
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