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✶為什麼鋼琴有 88 個鍵? Why Does a Piano Have Precisely 88 Keys?

Why Does a Piano Have Precisely 88 Keys?
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為什麼鋼琴有 88 個鍵? Why Does a Piano Have Precisely 88 Keys?
你有數過鋼琴上有幾個琴鍵嗎?在一架標準的現代鋼琴上,琴鍵的數目是八十八個。那麼,為什麼會是這樣呢?
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 Have you ever counted the number of keys on a piano? On a standard modern piano, the number of keys is 88. So, why is this the case?

  The piano is believed to have been invented around the beginning of the 18th century. It was first created as a modified version of the harpsichord. Most harpsichords at the time had 60 keys—covering five octaves, with each octave comprising seven white keys and five black keys. That’s why the earliest pianos also had 60 keys. The white keys on a piano are called natural keys and correspond to the musical notes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. The black keys, known as sharp or flat keys, represent notes that fall between pairs of natural keys in terms of pitch.

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  As the years went by and composers became more experimental in their work, many desired to compose pieces for piano that contained notes beyond the lower and upper boundaries of the 60-key piano. Accordingly, composers began to order larger pianos from piano makers, and by the mid-19th century, seven-octave pianos were common. It was in the late 1880s that piano manufacturer Steinway created the first 88-key piano. This model, consisting of 52 white and 36 black keys, spanned seven octaves plus four additional notes. Other manufacturers soon followed suit, and this form became the standard that we know today.

  The adoption of the 88-key piano was also influenced by practical considerations. At the extremes of the piano keyboard, especially in the lowest and highest octaves, the human ear generally has trouble distinguishing between notes of different pitch. This is also one of the reasons why the 88-key piano has been widely adopted as the industry standard.

1.    From (A) to (F) below, choose the statements that are NOT true.(多選題)

(A)  Each octave on a piano is made up of 12 notes.

(B)  The piano was invented in the middle of the 1800s.

(C)  The first pianos were modeled on another instrument.

(D)  There are more black keys than white keys on a piano.

(E)  Experimentation by composers influenced the development of the piano.

(F)  Humans struggle to recognize the pitch of sounds below the range of notes produced by a piano.

2-4. Please fill in blanks 2 and 3 with one word each and identify the correct octave position on the standard 88-key piano labeled A to D.(簡答)


4. correct octave position: ____________

5.    Which phrase in the passage means “did the same thing that someone else had done”?(簡答)

_________________

 

單字片語整理

Words in Use
precisely
[prɪˋsaɪslɪ]
adv. 精確地
modified
[ˋmɑdə͵faɪd]
adj. 改造的;修改的;modify的動詞過去式、過去分詞
comprise
[kəmˋpraɪz]
vt. 包括;組成
correspond
[͵kɔrɪˋspɑnd]
vi. 符合;通信
pitch
[pɪtʃ]
vt. 投(球);紮(營)
n. 瀝青;音調;銷售話術
composer
[kəmˋpozɚ]
n. 作曲家
compose
[kəmˋpoz]
.vt. 組成,構成;譜(曲);寫(詩、信等)
experimental
[ɪk͵spɛrəˋmɛnt!]
a. 實驗性的
manufacturer
[͵mænjəˋfæktʃərɚ]
.n. 廠商;製造商
span
[spæn]
n. . 一段時間
vt. (時間)持續,貫穿;包括、橫跨,跨越
adoption
[əˋdɑpʃən]
n. 採用,採取(不可數)
consideration
[kənsɪdəˋreʃən]
n. 考慮
distinguish
[dɪˋstɪŋgwɪʃ]
vt. 分辨,區別;使揚名
adopt
[əˋdɑpt]
vt. 採用,採納
vt. & vi. 收養
Extra Words
version
[ˋvɝʒən]
n. 譯本;版本;(文藝作品的)改編形式
harpsichord
[ˋhɑrpsɪ͵kɔrd]
n. 大鍵琴(又稱羽管鍵琴)
octave
[ˋɑktev]
n. 八度(音階)
boundary
[ˋbaʊndrɪ]
n. 邊界, 分界線;界限
accordingly
[əˋkɔrdɪŋlɪ]
adv. . 照著,相應地;因此(= therefore)
experimentation
[ɪk͵spɛrəmɛnˋteʃən]
n. 試驗;實驗
Practical Phrases
in terms of...
 就……而言,從……方面來說

In terms of music, I like jazz best.
音樂而言,我最喜歡爵士樂。

follow suit
 照著做

Whatever his elder brother does, Billy will follow suit.
無論哥哥做什麼,比利都會照著做

have trouble + V-ing
 在做……方面有困難
= have difficulty (in) + V-ing

I'm having trouble starting my car.
我的車子很難發動。

represent  vt. 代表,表示

= stand for...

•   In Chinese culture, turtles represent longevity.

在中華文化中,烏龜代表長壽。


介紹 represent 的其他用法及衍生字:

a.    表「代表,象徵」,等於 symbolize 。

•   The crown represents power and authority.

皇冠象徵權勢。

b.    表「作為……的代表」。

•   I will represent our company at the conference.

我將會在這次會議上代表我們公司。

c.    representative  n. 代表 & a. 代表性的

•   The country is governed by representatives elected by the people.

該國家是由人民選舉出來的代表所治理。

       be representative of...  代表……

•   Raphael’s paintings are representative of the Renaissance period.

拉斐爾的畫作是文藝復興時期的代表。

d.    representation  n.  表示,象徵;展現,描繪;代表(人∕權)

•   Nick gave his wife a diamond ring, which is a representation of his true love.

尼克送給他的妻子一枚鑽戒,那代表著他的真愛。

•   This painting is a representation of natural beauty.

這幅畫作是自然之美的一種表現。

   Our company has no representation in South America.

我們公司在南美洲並沒有代理。

(1) It was first created as a modified version of the harpsichord.

(2) The black keys, known as sharp or flat keys, represent notes that...

(3)  As the years went by and composers became..

(4) ... the reasons why the 88-key piano has been widely adopted as the industry standard.

as 作介詞和副詞連接詞的用法

作介詞

※   表示「用途」或「功能」,如第一、四句用法。

•   Tom used his creativity as a tool to solve the problem.

湯姆將他的創造力當作解決問題的工具。

※   表示「身分」或「角色」,如第二句用法。

   Beth is known as a very talented writer.

眾人皆知貝絲是一個很有才華的作家。

   As a salesperson, Owen has to deal with many tough customers.

身為銷售員,歐文必須應付許多難纏的客人。

•   We view Jim as the fastest runner in class.

我們認為吉姆是班上跑最快的。

作副詞連接詞

※   表「隨著……」,如第三句用法。

   As time passes, my skills continue to improve.

隨著時間的推移,我的技能不斷提升。

※   表「當……時」,即等於 when 或 while 之意。

•   It started to rain as I was walking home.

當我走回家的時候就開始下起雨來。

※   表「由於,因為」,相當於 because 之意。

•   As it was raining hard, Rita decided to stay home.

由於雨下得很大,瑞塔決定待在家裡。

※   表「如同,正如」,用於所說的話已為人所知或前面已經提過時。

•   As you know, the answer is quite complex.

如你所知,答案相當複雜。

※   表「雖然,儘管」,等同於 though,用法如下:

•   Though the task is difficult, Jay still persists.

 =   As difficult as the task is, Jay still persists.

 =   Difficult as the task is, Jay still persists.

雖然這項任務很困難,阿杰仍然堅持著。


 精選試題

_____ a violinist, I’m quite familiar with classical music.

(A) Though  (B) While     (C) Be   (D) As

 答案:D

為什麼鋼琴有 88 個鍵?

  你有數過鋼琴上有幾個琴鍵嗎?在一架標準的現代鋼琴上,琴鍵的數目是八十八個。那麼,為什麼會是這樣呢?

  鋼琴被認為是在十八世紀初期左右發明的。它最初是作為大鍵琴經改造而成的版本來創造的。當時大多數的大鍵琴有六十個琴鍵 ── 涵蓋五個八度,每個八度包含七個白鍵和五個黑鍵。那就是為什麼最早的鋼琴也有六十個琴鍵。鋼琴上的白鍵被稱為自然鍵,相當於 A、B、C、D、E、F 和 G 這些音符。黑鍵則被稱為升鍵或降鍵,其代表就音高而言,介於兩個相鄰自然鍵之間的音。

  隨著年月的流逝,作曲家在其作品中變得更加有實驗性,許多人渴望用含有超出六十鍵範圍之音符的鋼琴來譜曲。因此,作曲家開始向鋼琴製造商訂購更大的鋼琴,到了十九世紀中葉,七個八度的鋼琴變得普遍。而在 1880 年代晚期,鋼琴製造商史坦威創造出第一架八十八鍵鋼琴。這種鋼琴包含五十二個白鍵和三十六個黑鍵,橫跨七個八度,加上四個額外的音符。很快地,其他製造商紛紛仿效,這種形式成為了我們現今所熟知的鋼琴標準。

  八十八鍵鋼琴的採用也受到實際考量的影響。在鋼琴鍵盤的兩端 ―― 特別是在最低和最高的八度 ―― 人耳通常難以分辨不同音高的音符。這也是八十八鍵的鋼琴被廣泛採用為業界標準的原因之一。

 

1.    從以下的 (A) 到 (F) 中,選出不正確的敘述。

(A)  鋼琴上的每個八度是由十二個音組成。

(B)  鋼琴是在 1800 年代中期發明的。

(C)  最初的鋼琴是仿製另一種樂器而成的。

(D)  鋼琴上的黑鍵比白鍵多。

(E)  作曲家的試驗影響了鋼琴的發展。

(F)  人類難以辨識低於鋼琴音域的音高。

答案:     B、D

 

2-4. 請在空格 2 和 3 各填入一個字,並在標有 A 至 D 的標準八十八鍵鋼琴上指出正確的八度音位置。

 

被稱為 ___2___ 鍵

被稱為 ___3___ 鍵

 

4. 正確的八度音位置:__________

答案:     2. sharp / flat 3. natural 4. B

 

5.    文中哪一個片語意思是 “did the same thing that someone else had done”?

答案:     followed suit

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