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啦啦隊常被視為美國形象這一事實可追溯至這項活動 本身的開端。
>> 海底波動拳 槍蝦的「聲」存之道Pistol Shrimp: Small Shrimp, Big Sound(全程英文講解)
目錄 /閱讀測驗
Turn on any American sitcom centered around teenagers and high school, and more often than not, you’ll encounter the clichéd portrayal of the pretty cheerleader as one of the most popular people in school. While this stereotype may not hold true for every American high school, it does reflect the prevalence of cheerleading as a common extracurricular activity in the United States.
The fact that cheerleading is often viewed as an American image can be traced back to the inception of the activity itself. Cheerleading began in the United States during the 19th century, though the exact date remains unknown. There are records of crowds chanting cheers at Princeton University sporting events in the 1880s, but the idea of organized cheerleading didn’t emerge until 1898. In November of that year, Johnny Campbell, a student from the University of Minnesota, took the field and led a crowd of students in an organized chant. He is now recognized as the first cheerleader.
>> 「橋」見一座城市的性格與美好Bridges That Shape the Way We See Cities
Following Campbell’s display, many colleges started organizing groups, or “yell leaders” as they were then called, to stir up the crowd and boost their teams’ morale. Cheerleading also expanded to high schools, and the groups began to incorporate flags, drums, megaphones, and other props. However, contrary to the current image of cheerleaders, at that time, all cheerleaders were men.
It wasn’t until World War II that cheerleading became dominated by women. Just as the workplace started hiring women during that time, so did cheerleading squads turn to women to fill the ranks when men went to war. Interestingly, even after the war was over, cheerleading remained primarily a female activity. More recently, cheerleading has become popular across the world and is now regarded as a highly athletic endeavor.
單字片語整理
Words in Use
●n. 刻板印象vt. 對......有成見 / 刻板印象Scott, who is always casually dressed, doesn't conform to the stereotype of a Wall Street banker.
史考特衣著一向很隨便，不符合一般人心目中華爾街銀行家的形象。Those who stereotype other people often base their opinions on what they have heard, not actual experience.
那些對他人有刻板印象的人，常以他們所聽到的，而非實際經驗來做評論。多益金色英檢中高高中 Level 5●●vi. & vt. . 反覆呼喊；吟誦，念（經）As they marched towards the government offices to
show their anger at recent decisions, the protesters
began to chant loudly.
抗議人士遊行到政府辦公室以示對最近的決定感到憤怒時，
他們開始大聲反覆呼喊。
As the president went into the building, his loyal
followers chanted, “ We support you!”
當總統走進大樓時，他的忠實追隨者一再高呼：『我們支持
你！』
During the service in the church, which lasted two
hours, people prayed and chanted.
在為期兩小時的教堂儀式上，人們祈禱並吟誦。The monks chant sutras every morning.
這些和尚每天早上都會唸經。
To show they opposed the Vietnam War, some
Americans repeated the chant, “ We won’t go!”
meaning they wouldn’t fight.
一些美國人為了表明他們反對越戰，他們反覆不停地喊：『我
們不會去！』這意味著他們不會去打仗。
The Muslim chants could be heard over speakers in
the Middle Eastern town every day at certain times.
在中東小鎮上，每天特定的時間都會在擴音器上聽到穆斯林
的禱文。高中 Level 6●vi. 出現，浮現，冒出（常與介詞 from 並用），興起=appearBen suddenly emerged from behind the door, which frightened me.
班突然從門後冒出來，嚇了我一跳。
The startup quickly emerged as a serious competitor in the AI industry.
那間新創公司迅速成為人工智慧產業中的強大競爭者。A rainbow emerged after the heavy rain stopped.
大雨停後出現了一道彩虹。New types of jobs continue to emerge.
新型態的工作不斷興起。多益藍色英檢中級高中 Level 4●●●●vt. 統治，支配；（山脈或建築物）俯瞰、在⋯⋯中佔主要地位、對⋯⋯有壓倒優勢=ruleThe strong animal dominated the weak animal.
這隻強壯的動物支配那隻弱小的動物。The big mountain dominates the landscape.
這座大山俯瞰四周的景色。The house on the hilltop dominates the whole valley.
山頂上的這間房子可俯瞰整座山谷。
The house on the hilltop overlooks the whole valley.
山頂上的這間房子可俯瞰整座山谷。多益藍色英檢中級高中 Level 4●●●●sitcom[ˋsɪt͵kɑm]n. 情境喜劇●clichéd[kliˋʃed]a. 陳腔濫調的●●inception[ɪnˋsɛpʃən]n. 開端，開始●megaphone[ˋmɛgə͵fon]n. 擴音器●prop[prɑp]n. 道具英檢中高Practical Phrases
●be centered around（主題、話題等）圍繞著⋯⋯／以⋯⋯為中心●take the field上陣，上場The soccer team took the field, determined to beat its opponent.
那支足球隊上場比賽，決心要打敗對手。●stir up... / stir... up揚起／捲起⋯⋯●contrary to...與⋯⋯相反（的是）Contrary to popular belief, that country is filled with beautiful landscapes.
和一般認知不同的是，那個國家到處都是美景。●Just as + S + V, so + 倒裝句正如⋯⋯一樣，⋯⋯也⋯●fill the ranks填補空缺●situation comedy情境喜劇收看任何一部圍繞著青少年和高中的美國情境喜劇，你 多半會看到劇情描寫漂亮的啦啦隊隊員是學校的風雲人物這 種陳腔濫調。雖然這樣的刻板印象不一定在每一所美國高校 都是事實，但它的確反映出啦啦隊在美國作為常見課外活動 的盛行。
啦啦隊常被視為美國形象這一事實可追溯至這項活動 本身的開端。啦啦隊始於十九世紀的美國，但確切的日期仍 不得而知。有紀錄指出，在 1880年代，普林斯頓大學的運 動賽事中有群眾呼喊著加油，但有組織的啦啦隊這一想法直 到 1898 年才出現。那年的十一月，明尼蘇達大學的學生強 尼.坎伯上陣，帶領學生群進行有組織的呼喊。他現在被認 定為第一個啦啦隊隊員。
坎伯的展示過後，許多大學開始組織團體(當時稱作 「隊呼小組」)來帶動群眾並提振自己隊伍的士氣。啦啦隊 也擴展到高中，這些團體開始加入旗子、鼓、擴音器和其他 道具。然而，與現在啦啦隊的形象相反，當時所有的啦啦隊 隊員都是男性。
直到二戰，啦啦隊才變成由女性主宰。正如當時的職場 開始聘僱女性，當男性上戰場時，啦啦隊小隊也尋求女性來 填補空缺。有趣的是，即使戰爭結束了，啦啦隊仍主要是女 性的活動。在更近期，啦啦隊開始在全球流行，且現在是高 度運動性的領域。
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Lauren McCarthy
Your Attitude determine your direction.
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