1. 關係代名詞有連接詞的功能,用以引導形容詞子句,修飾之前的名詞(即先行詞)。
關係代名詞的種類根據代替的對象以及在該形容詞子句中的功能而有所不同,請參看下列表格:
關係代名詞 |
主 格 |
受 格 |
所有格 |
代 替 人 |
who |
whom |
whose |
代 替 事 物 |
which |
which |
whose |
2. 關係代名詞所有格是由人稱代名詞所有格(his、your、their、our、its...)變化而成,使用關係代名詞或關係代名詞所有格時,務必要牢記下列三個條件:
• 關係代名詞或關係代名詞所有格之前要有先行詞(即表人或事物的名詞);
• 關係代名詞或關係代名詞所有格之後的名詞在所引導的形容詞子句中要作主詞或受詞;
• 否則關係代名詞或關係代名詞所有格之前一定要有介詞(該介詞亦可移至形容詞子句句尾)。
He is a man who always means what he says.(他是個說話坦率的人。)
Her father is an artist whom we all respect.(她的父親是位我們都尊敬的藝術家。)
That’s the book which I like.(那是我所喜歡的書。)
The house in which Mark lives is very large.(馬克住的那間房子很大。)
She has an uncle whose name is Peter.(她有一個名叫彼得的叔叔。)
I don’t like Brad, in whose words I have no trust.(我不喜歡布萊德,他的話我都不相信。)
3. 當關係代名詞之前的介詞移至形容詞子句的句尾時,此時關係代名詞可省略。
He is a man (whom) I enjoy working with.(他是個我很樂意與之共事的人。)
4. 關係代名詞 which 亦可用來代替前面整個句子或前句中的部分概念,此時 which 之前要有逗點。
Tom is a hardworking student, which everyone knows.(湯姆是個用功的學生,這點大家都知道。)
She dyed her hair green, which looked awful.(她把頭髮染成綠色,那看起來很糟。)
5. 限定修飾以及非限定修飾的區別:
a. 非限定修飾:
專有名詞(如 John、Taipei)及獨一性名詞(如 father、mother,因為爸媽只有一個),之後若接關係代名詞所引導的形容詞子句時,該關係代名詞之前一定要置逗點。此時該形容詞子句就稱為非限定修飾語。換言之,專有名詞或獨一性名詞本身就具有特殊性,不必再用形容詞子句加以限定。
He has just come back from New York, which is a very big city in the United States.
他剛從紐約回來,那是美國的一座非常大的城市。
That is my only son, who is attending senior high school.
那是我的獨生子,他正在唸高中。
b. 限定修飾:
1) 一般名詞若本身並未具特殊性,可用形容詞子句加以限定修飾,以加強其特殊性,此時關係代名詞前不置逗點。
He is a boy who works hard.(他是位很用功的男孩。)
2) 限定修飾的形容詞子句中,若關係代名詞為及物動詞的受詞,則該關係代名詞可省略。若關係代名詞為介詞的受詞,介詞移至形容詞子句的句尾時,該關係代名詞亦可省略。
This is the boy (whom) I saw yesterday.(這是我昨天看見的男孩。)
This is a question (which) you should pay attention to.(這是一個你應該注意的問題。)
6. that 亦可當作關係代名詞,取代 who、whom 或 which,但使用時有兩個條件:
• that 之前不能有逗點,換言之,that 僅出現在限定修飾的形容詞子句中。
• that 之前亦不可有介詞。
He is a man that / whom we all respect.(他是個我們都尊敬的人。)
This is the book that / which I told you about.(這就是我跟你說過的那本書。)
關係副詞一共有四種,均由「介詞 + 關係代名詞 which」變化而成,分述如下:
1. where(= in which、on which、at which)引導的形容詞子句只用來修飾表「地方」的名詞。
This is the city where / in which I met Mary.(這就是我遇見瑪莉的城市。)
Do you see the desk where / on which there is a book?(你看見那張上面有一本書的桌子了嗎?)
2. when(= at which、on which、in which)所引導的形容詞子句只用以修飾表「時間」的名詞。
He came on Friday, when / on which it was raining hard.(他星期五來這兒,那天雨下得很大。)
That’s the year when / in which he graduated.(就在那年他畢業了。)
3. why 只用以修飾「the reason(理由)」,是由 for which 變化而成。
I don’t know the reason why / for which he cried.(我不知道他哭泣的原因。)
= I don’t know the reason he cried.
= I don’t know why he cried.
4. how 只用以修飾「the way」,是由 in which 變化而成,但 the way 與 how 只能擇一使用。
I am sick of the way how he treats his pet dog. (╳)
→ I am sick of the way in which he treats his pet dog. (可)
= I am sick of the way / how he treats his pet dog. (佳)(我討厭他對待他家寵物狗的方式。)
精選試題
1. The artist _____ picture won the award is my sister.
(A) that (B) who (C) which (D) whose
2. David tends to lie _____ is why I don’t trust him.
(A) , which (B) , that (C) which (D) who
3. The sun rose at 5:30 a.m., _____ most people were still in their beds.
(A) when (B) where (C) why (D) how
答案:1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A)