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You may be surprised to learn that some animals often prefer to work for their food rather than simply be given it, even when they have the option. This fascinating behavioral phenomenon is known as contra-freeloading. The term was coined in 1963 by animal psychologist Glen Jensen after he observed rats in an experiment. __1__ Various other species have exhibited this behavior, including birds, fish, and primates. This suggests that there’s an intrinsic motivation to make an effort in order to be rewarded.
The beggar said“, Can you spare me a few coins?”
那乞丐說:『你能施捨我幾個硬幣嗎?』
I’ll spin the coin, and you say“ heads” or“ tails.”
我來旋轉硬幣,然後你說『正面』或『反面』。
Let’s toss a coin to see who has to clean the kitchen.
讓我們擲硬幣來決定誰必須打掃廚房。
Success and failure are actually two sides of the same coin.
成功和失敗實際上是同一件事情的兩面。
The work is easy, but the other side of the coin is it’s low-paid.
這工作很輕鬆,但從另一方面來說工資卻很低。
The writer likes to coin new words in his novels.
這位作家喜歡在他的小說裡發明新字詞。
The salesman demonstrated how to work the machine to us.
該業務員向我們示範說明如何操作這部機器。
Thousands of people demonstrated against the government this morning.
今天早上有好幾千人示威抗議政府。
The scientist demonstrated the effectiveness of the new drug through carefully designed studies. 科學家透過精心設計的研究證明了這種新藥有效。
Since coffee stimulates him, Jason always has a cup of it in the morning.
由於咖啡讓傑森提神,他早上總會來一杯咖啡。
Congress is considering tax cuts in order to stimulate investment.
國會正在考慮減稅方案以促進投資。
Good teachers should ask questions that stimulate students to think.
稱職的老師應該要問能夠激勵學生去思考的問題。
There is no rule without exceptions.
所有規則皆有例外。
Most boys in that school like football, but my
son is an exception.
那間學校大部分男孩都喜歡足球,但我兒子卻是個例外。
With the exception of his ill temper, John is quite a nice person.
約翰除了脾氣壞之外,為人倒是挺不錯的。
Except for his ill temper, John is quite a nice person.
約翰除了脾氣壞之外,為人倒是挺不錯的。
A lot of politicians aligned themselves with this presidential candidate because many members of the American public supported him.
許多政治人物都支持這位總統候選人,因為許多美國民眾支持他。
The volunteers carefully aligned the chairs in the hall in preparation for the famous novelist’s speech tomorrow.
志工小心翼翼地把大廳裡的椅子對齊好,為明天知名小說家的演講做準備。
I prefer to go to the movies rather than watch TV.
我喜歡看電影甚於看電視。
Kent made an effort to please his girlfriend.
肯特努力試著要討好女友。
These experiments serve no useful purpose.
這些實驗毫無用處。