探索科學
Laughter has been a subject of scientific study for decades, but researchers still can’t fully explain it. It’s easy for us to decide whether something is funny or not, but it’s difficult to provide a complete explanation of what makes us laugh.
One theory suggests that people laugh when something is unusual but harmless. Other theories suggest that we laugh when our expectations don’t match the reality of a situation, or when two opposing ideas are presented together. There are at least two kinds of laughter. The first one is an emotional reaction to something in one’s environment. The second one is a social response that people use in daily conversations even when nothing is funny. By studying facial cues and brain activity, scientists have confirmed that these two kinds of laughter are the products of different psychological processes, and it is likely that they evolved at different times.
We also know that laughter is contagious. Whenever we see or hear people laughing, our brain sends a signal that we should join in. Researchers suspect that early humans formed social bonds by laughing together long before language developed.
★ 1. mysterious [ mɪsˋtɪrɪəs ] a. 神祕的
A mysterious disease broke out in that remote village.
一個神祕的疾病在那偏僻的小村莊爆發。
★ 2. fully [ˋfʊlɪ ] adv. 充分地;完全地
Andy has fully recovered from his illness.
安迪的病完全康復了。
★ 3. explanation [ ͵ɛkspləˋneʃən ] n. 解釋
My boss demanded my explanation for being late.
我的老闆要我解釋我遲到的原因。
4. present [ ˋprɛznt ] vt. 呈現,表現
Steve Jobs presented the iPhone to the public in January, 2007.
史蒂夫‧賈伯斯在 2007 年一月時向大眾展示了 iPhone。
★ 5. reaction [ rɪˋækʃən ] n. 反應
Dana had a bad reaction to the seafood she ate last night.
黛娜對她昨晚吃的海鮮產生不良反應。
6. confirm [ kənˋfɝm ] vt. 證實,確定
Mary forgot to confirm her flight reservation. Thus, she was put on stand-by.
瑪莉忘記確認她的航班訂位。因此,她被放到候補名單。
* reservation [ ͵rɛzɚˋveʃən ] n. 預定
★ 7. evolve [ ɪˋvɑlv ] vi. 進化;發展
Darwin believed that humans evolved from apes.
達爾文認為人類是由猿猴進化來的。
★ 8. signal [ ˋsɪgn! ] n. 訊號;信號
Gina nodded to give me a signal that she knew what I was talking about.
吉娜點了點頭,表示她知道我在說些什麼。
whether... or not
whether 在此為連接詞,用來引導名詞子句,與 or not 並用,表「是否……」。用法說明如下:
1. whether... or not 名詞子句可作主詞或受詞。
作主詞:
Whether Paul is coming today or not isn’t known yet.
我們尚未得知保羅今天是否會來。
作受詞:
I’m worried about whether the train will arrive on time or not.
我很擔心火車是否會準時抵達。
2. 在 whether... or not 名詞子句中,or not 可省略,亦可將 or not 置於 whether 之後。
I don’t know whether Emily will quit the band (or not).
= I don’t know whether or not Emily will quit the band.
我不知道艾蜜莉是否會退出樂團。
► harmless [ ˋhɑrmlɪs ] a. 無害的;無惡意的
► opposing [ əˋpozɪŋ ] a. 對立的,敵對的
► psychological [ ͵saɪkəˋlɑdʒɪk! ] a. 心理(上)的
► contagious [ kənˋtedʒəs ] a. 具傳染性的
► a social bond 社會連結
bond [ bɑnd ] n. 聯繫;關係
請依句意在空格內填入適當的字詞
1. 海倫對於她先生外遇的反應讓我們很驚訝。
We were all surprised at Helen’s ________ to her husband’s affair.
2. 這位老師將這程序做了完整的解釋。
The teacher gave a complete ___________ of the process.
3. 神祕的聲響正從地下室裡傳來。
The ___________ noise is coming from the basement.
答案: 1. reaction 2. explanation 3. mysterious
Laughter Is the Best Medicine 笑是最好的良藥
Day 1
笑的科學是神祕的,它的效果卻是驚人的。
幾十年來,笑聲一直是科學研究的主題,但研究人員仍然無法充分地解釋它。我們很容易判斷某件事是否有趣,但很難完整解釋是什麼讓我們笑。
一種理論認為,當事情不尋常但無害時,人們會笑。其他理論則表示當我們的期望與現實情況不符時,或是當兩個對立的想法一起提出時,我們會笑。笑至少有兩種。第一種是對環境中某些事物的情緒反應。第二種是在日常對話中,即使沒有什麼好笑的,人們還是會有的社交反應。透過研究臉部線索和大腦活動,科學家們已經證實這兩種笑是不同心理過程的產物,而且這可能是在不同時期演化而成的。
我們也得知笑是會傳染的。每當我們看到或聽到人們笑時,我們的大腦會發出一個我們也應該一起笑的信號。研究人員猜測,遠在語言發展之前,早期的人類就透過一起大笑建立了社會連結。
想看更多這類型文章嗎?現在就入會,每週一將收到免費的電子報喔!
入會及綁定LINE再享100元折價券 →