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童話故事裡的那些城堡！(上) Castles: Fortified Structures and Fairy-Tale Inspiration【本篇為全程英文講解】
Castles: Fortified Structures and Fairy-Tale Inspiration
#混合題型 #108新課綱 #素養 #全英文講解
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城堡在童話故事中無處不在。然而，不像是神仙教母和魔劍，城堡確實存在。
>> 海底波動拳 槍蝦的「聲」存之道Pistol Shrimp: Small Shrimp, Big Sound(全程英文講解)
混合題型
Castles are ever-present in fairy tales. However, unlike fairy godmothers and magical swords, castles do exist. Castles are private fortified residences that are considered distinct from walled cities and palaces that are not protected.
Castles are especially prevalent in Europe, where the oldest date back to the 9th century. Shortly after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, the territory was split up and small regions became controlled by individual nobles. They built castles to protect themselves from attacks by neighboring lords. The fortified structures were also bases from which they could plan and launch offensive campaigns themselves. Castles were built along important roads and could control trade and the movement of people in a region.
The earliest castles were built from earth and timber. Stone later became the primary building material, but strong walls weren’t the only feature that nobles depended on to keep themselves safe. Many castles were built upon artificial earthen mounds. Others were surrounded by moats, which were water-filled ditches, and were only accessible by drawbridges that could be raised. Entrances to castles were often guarded by gatehouses which could control traffic in and out of the structure. Inside the castle wall was a keep. This tower was the most fortified part of the castle.
Castles remained vital defensive structures until the 16th century, when they fell out of fashion for several reasons. First, new artillery that was powerful enough to destroy the strong stone walls was developed. While castles could be built to withstand these powerful cannons, they became uncomfortable and unenjoyable to live in. Additionally, regional conflicts and civil wars were ending and in more peaceful times, nobles began living in more luxurious and unprotected country estates. In the 18th century, however, there was briefly a renewed interest in castles thanks to the romantic revival of Gothic architecture.
>> 海底波動拳 槍蝦的「聲」存之道Pistol Shrimp: Small Shrimp, Big Sound(全程英文講解)
單字片語整理
Words in Use
●a. 清楚的；獨特的；明顯不同的，有區別的，顯著的，明顯的Rebecca has very distinct handwriting.
蕾貝卡的字跡非常清晰。Taiwanese is a dialect which is completely distinct from Mandarin.
臺語是完全不同於國語的一種方言。
Charles tasted three distinct flavors in the soup.
查爾斯嚐出了湯裡三種明顯不同的味道。The students felt a distinct sense of relief after the exam was over.
考試結束後，這些學生明顯感到輕鬆許多。多益金色英檢中級高中 Level 4●n. 地盤；區域；領土，屬地It is not uncommon for dogs to fight over food and territory.
狗為了搶食物及地盤而打架是屢見不鮮的事。Tom and Jerry formed a team to explore the territory around the South Pole.
湯姆和傑利組了一支隊伍前往探索南極附近的區域。Guam is a territory of the US.
關島是美國的屬地。Wolves defend their territory to protect food sources and young members of the pack.
狼群會捍衛自己的領域，以保護食物來源與群中幼狼。多益藍色英檢中級高中 Level 3●vi. & n. 崩塌vi. 塌陷=fall downOver 50 houses collapsed in the earthquake.
超過 50 棟房子在地震中倒塌。The collapse of the world's tallest building was a shock to everyone.
世界最高的建築物倒塌，讓大家很震驚。
The tiny soap bubbles collapsed quickly when the wind started to blow. 風開始吹動時，這些肥皂小泡泡很快就破掉了。
多益藍色英檢中級高中 Level 4●●a. 冒犯的，無禮的；攻擊性的n. 進攻=rude=distastefulMany Muslims regard the politician’s comments as deeply offensive.
很多回教徒認為這政治家的評論很無禮。The government official thinks that to beef up our defense, we should buy more offensive weapons.
該政府官員認為若要加強我們的防禦，就應多購置攻擊性武器。
We took the offensive against the invading army.
我們對入侵的部隊展開攻勢。
多益藍色英檢中級高中 Level 4●●●●●adv. 除此之外=besides=moreover=furthermoreThe rent is cheap. Additionally, the location is perfect.
除了房租便宜之外，地點更是棒得沒話講。The rent is cheap. In addition, the location is perfect.
除了房租便宜之外，地點更是棒得沒話講。The rent is cheap. On top of that, the location is perfect.
除了房租便宜之外，地點更是棒得沒話講。高中 Level 3●●●n. 住宅；居住（不可數）；合法居住資格（不可數）=resideThe White House is the official residence of the President of the United States.
白宮是美國總統的官方住所。Please write down the address of your current place of residence on the form.
請在此表格上寫下你現行居住地的地址。Since Johnny had committed crimes in the past, he was refused residence in the foreign country.
由於強尼過去曾犯罪，外國拒絕讓他定居。高中 Level 5●●●●earthen[ˋɝθən]adj. 土製的●n. （大）堆=pile=heapI’ve got mounds of paperwork to do before leaving
for lunch.
我去吃中餐之前有很多文書工作要做。
I’ve got piles of paperwork to do before leaving for
lunch.
我去吃中餐之前有很多文書工作要做。
As the workers dug the deep hole, they mounded the
dirt all around the circle of the opening.
當工人挖那個深洞時，他們把泥土堆滿在洞口的周圍。高中 Level 6●artillery[ɑrˋtɪlərɪ]n. 炮，大炮●cannon[ˋkænən]n. （舊時的）大炮／火炮／加農炮vt. 砲轟，砲擊vi. 開砲，砲轟；相撞●●●Practical Phrases
●date back (all the way) to + 時間∕時期追溯至⋯⋯（時間）My mother's antique table dates back to the early 1800s.
我老媽的古董桌可追溯至十九世紀初。According to scientists, these fossils date back to 2000 BCE.
根據科學家的說法，這些化石可追溯至公元前兩千年。●split up將⋯⋯分裂；分頭行動Several years after the event, the country was split up.
該事件後若干年，這個國家分裂了。Let's split up and get our priorities right. Dazzle me, people.
我們分頭進行並把事情的優先順序弄清楚。夥伴們，讓我驚艷一下吧。●depend on / upon...依賴……；信賴……You shouldn’t depend on your parents for everything.
你不應該凡事都依賴你父母。本篇內容出自《常春藤解析/生活英語雜誌》，
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數作者
Lauren McCarthy
Your Attitude determine your direction.
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