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✶ 你所不知的鯊魚二三事 Fun and Fascinating Facts about Sharks

Fun and Fascinating Facts about Sharks
#閱讀測驗 #動物
8/12 解析英語

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你所不知的鯊魚二三事 Fun and Fascinating Facts about Sharks
鯊魚沒有骨頭。相反地,牠們的骨骼由軟骨組 成,比骨頭輕得多。
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        Is there any creature more feared by humans than sharks? Being afraid of sharks seems perfectly rational given both their massive size and their razor-sharp teeth, which can cut through human skin like a knife through butter. However, with this scary image in mind, it is worth mentioning that sharks have never been an immediate danger to humans. Human flesh does not feature in their natural diet, and most species of shark will feel compelled to attack a human only if they perceive that they are under threat. If this fact surprises you, you will no doubt enjoy the other fascinating features of sharks detailed below.

        First, sharks have no bones. Instead, they have skeletons made up of cartilage, which is far lighter than bone. This characteristic enables sharks to stay close to the surface of the water, which, in turn, allows them to use the air above the water to sense the location of their prey.

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        In addition to the five senses that humans have, sharks also have tiny black marks on their faces that can sense electric currents. This is another feature that aids a shark in catching its prey.

        Finally, although sharks are extremely skilled predators, they do have a weakness. Specifically, if you flip a shark upside down, it falls into a trance-like state where it is immobile and therefore vulnerable. This weakness is used as a tool by scientists when they need a shark to keep still so that they can administer a medical treatment.

        As you can see, not only are sharks barely a threat to humans, but they are also fascinating creatures that occupy a vital place in the ocean ecosystem.

 

1. Why do sharks NOT pose an immediate threat to humans?

(A)  Because humans give off no electricity.

(B)  Because humans have more senses than sharks.

(C)  Because humans are not part of a shark’s usual diet.

(D)  Because sharks hunt only in deep water.

2. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? 

(A)  A shark’s skeleton is composed of tissue lighter than bone.

(B)  Sharks are so strong that they don’t have any shortcomings.

(C)  Humans fear sharks because they have a preference for human meat.

(D) Black marks on sharks’ faces help them stay near the surface of the sea.

3. What do sharks have that humans do not have?

(A) Bones.

(B) Teeth.

(C) Cartilage.

(D) The ability to sense an electric current.

4. According to the passage, under what circumstance might a shark be in the following posture?

page2image1005664

(A)  When it wants to attract prey.

(B)  When it is avoiding predators.

(C)  When it is going to threaten humans.

(D)  When it is being treated for a medical condition.

 

答案: 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.D 

 

單字片語整理

Words in Use
mind
[maɪnd]
vt. & vi. 介意
n. 頭腦
perceive
[pɚˋsiv]
vt. 察覺;認為
massive
[ˋmæsɪv]
a. 巨大的;大量的
administer
[ədˋmɪnəstɚ]
vt. 管理;執行 / 實施(法律等);給予(藥物、治療等)
flip
[flɪp]
n. 空翻
vt. 翻轉;擲(硬幣)
characteristic
[͵kærəktəˋrɪstɪk]
a. 典型的(皆與介詞 of 並用)
n. 特徵
fascinating
[ˋfæsn͵etɪŋ]
a. 迷人的
preference
[ˋprɛfərəns]
n. 偏愛
rational
[ˋræʃən!]
a. 理性的 ; 合理的
vulnerable
[ˋvʌlnərəb!]
a. 脆弱的 ; (生理或心理) 易受傷的
predator
[ˋprɛdətɚ]
n. 捕食者,掠食者
be composed of
由……組成
compelled
vt. 迫使
immobile
[ɪmˋmobil]
a. 不活動的
Practical Phrases
be made up of...
 由……組成

The puzzle is made up of a hundred pieces.
這個拼圖是一百片組成的。

be under threat
 受到威脅

This area is under threat from the great number of tourists visiting it.
這地區由於造訪的遊客人數太多而面臨威脅

Bob's job might be under threat if he doesn't meet the sales target.
如果鮑伯沒有達成銷售目標,他的工作可能會受到威脅

in turn
 進而,因此

Tracy started working out, which in turn helped her get in shape and increase her energy.
崔西開始鍛鍊,這進而幫助她擁有好身材並增進活力。

with... in mind
 有鑑於⋯⋯;(做某事時)考慮到⋯⋯

Ada's father doesn't allow her to stay out late. With that in mind, she left the party early.
艾達的爸爸不准她晚歸。有鑑於此,她很早就離開派對了。

With his family in mind, Paul started working fewer hours each week.
考慮到家人,保羅開始每週減少工作時間。

with... in mind
 考慮到/有鑑於⋯⋯

With his weekend plans in mind, Davey decided not to work overtime on Friday.
考慮到週末的計畫,戴維決定星期五不加班。

feature in...
 作為⋯⋯主要特色/角色

Chili peppers and chicken are often featured in Mexican cuisine.
辣椒和雞肉常常墨西哥菜餚中的主要特色

 

prey [ pre ] n. 獵物(集合名詞,不可數)

In order to survive, lions must attack their prey.

 為了生存,獅子必須攻擊牠們的獵物。

以下介紹 prey 作名詞時的搭配用法:

a. be easy prey (for / to...) 是(⋯⋯)容易到手的獵物/下手的對象

Women walking alone in dark areas are easy prey for attackers.

婦女獨自走在黑暗的地方容易成為歹徒攻擊的目標。

b. fall prey to sth 成為某事物的受害者/犧牲品

Female employees often fall prey to gender bias in the workplace.

女性員工在職場上常會成為性別偏見的犧牲者。

c. bird / beast of prey 食肉猛禽/猛獸

Like other birds of prey, owls have sharp beaks and claws that they use to tear their food to pieces before eating it.

如同其他猛禽,貓頭鷹的喙和爪子都很鋒利,能在 食用獵物前將之撕成碎片。

prey 也可以作動詞用。

d. prey on / upon... 捕食/獵食⋯⋯

Eagles prey on small animals such as fish, birds, snakes, and rabbits.

老鷹捕食像是魚、鳥、蛇和兔子之類的小型動物。

e. prey on sb 傷害/欺騙某人(尤指弱勢人群)

Criminals prey on those who look the most vulnerable.

罪犯鎖定那些看來最脆弱的人。

 

 

As you can see, not only are sharks barely a threat to humans, but they are also fascinating creatures that...

介紹對等連接詞片語 “not only... but also...” 的用法

not only... but (also)... 不僅⋯⋯(而且)也⋯⋯

= not merely... but (also)...

= not only / merely... but... as well

※ “not only... but also...” 是由基本的對等連接詞 but 變化而來,可用以連接對等的單字、片語和子句。

a. 連接單字:

Ed is not only a doctor but (also) a writer.

艾德不僅是位醫生,而且還是位作家。

b. 連接片語:

Eric went to the United States not only to learn English but (also) to learn more about American culture. 艾瑞克去美國不僅去學英語,也是去多了解美國文 化。

c. 連接子句:

Doris succeeded not only because she is intelligent but (also) because she is hard- working.

桃樂絲成功不僅是因為她聰明,也是因為她努力。

※ “not only... but (also)...” 連接對等的主詞時,其後的 動詞要隨 but (also) 之後的主詞變化。

Not only I but also my sister loves to eat chocolate.

不只是我,我妹也喜歡吃巧克力。

※ “not only... but (also)...” 連接對等的主要子句且 not only 置於句首時,not only 視為否定副詞,因此其後 的第一個主要子句要倒裝;but also 僅為連接詞,故 其後的第二個主要子句不須倒裝。

Not only did we get a good grade for our project, but we also got a cash prize.

= Not only did we get a good grade for our project, but we got a cash prize as well.

我們的研究專題不僅拿到好成績,還因此得到獎金。

 


 精選試題 

Not only _____, but she can also play the piano.

(A) she can sing

(B) can sing she

(C) she sings

(D) can she sing

 

 答案:

你所不知的鯊魚二三事

還有比鯊魚更讓人類恐懼的生物嗎?有鑑於牠們的巨大體型和非常鋒利的牙齒,害怕鯊魚似乎是完全合理的,其牙齒可以像刀子切奶油一樣地切開人體皮膚。然而,考慮到鯊魚這個可怕的形象,值得一提的是,牠們從未對人類構成直接威脅。人肉在牠們的天然飲食中並不是主要的一部分,大多數種類的鯊魚只有在意識到自己受威脅時才會被迫攻擊人類。如果這一事實讓你感到驚訝,那麼你大概會喜歡下面所詳述的鯊魚其他迷人特徵。


首先,鯊魚沒有骨頭。相反地,牠們的骨骼由軟骨組成,比骨頭輕得多。這一特性使鯊魚能夠待在靠近水面的地方,因而讓牠們能夠利用水面上方的空氣來感知獵物的位置。


除了人類擁有的五種感官外,鯊魚的臉上還有可以感知電流的微小黑色斑點。這是幫助鯊魚獵捕獵物的另一個特徵。


最後,雖然鯊魚是非常嫻熟的掠食者,但牠們確實有一個弱點。具體來說,如果你把鯊魚翻過來,牠就會進入一動也不動的昏睡狀態,因此變得很容易受到攻擊。當科學家需要鯊魚保持靜止以便為牠們進行醫療治療時,此弱點被加以
利用。


如你所見,鯊魚不僅對人類幾乎沒有威脅,牠們還是在海洋生態系統中占有重要地位的迷人生物。

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  1. 為什麼鯊魚不會對人類造成直接的威脅?
    (A) 因為人類不會放電。
    (B) 因為人類比鯊魚擁有更多的知覺。
    (C) 因為人類不是鯊魚日常飲食的一部分。
    (D) 因為鯊魚僅在深水中捕食。

     
  2. 根據本文,下列哪項敘述是正確的?
    (A) 鯊魚的骨骼由比骨頭輕的組織組成。
    (B) 鯊魚非常強壯,所以沒有任何弱點。
    (C) 因為鯊魚偏愛吃人肉,所以人類很怕牠們。
    (D) 鯊魚臉上的黑色斑點有助於牠們待在靠近海面的地方。

     
  3. 鯊魚擁有什麼人類所沒有的?
    (A) 骨頭。 (B) 牙齒。 (C) 軟骨。 (D) 感知電流的能力。

     
  4. 根據本文,鯊魚在什麼情況下會呈現以下姿勢?
    (A) 當牠想要吸引獵物時。
    (B) 當牠要避開掠食者時。
    (C) 當牠即將要威脅人類時。
    (D) 當牠因身體狀況而被治療時。
答案: 1. C 2. A. 3 D. 4 D

本篇內容出自《常春藤解析/生活英語雜誌》,
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