解析 文法【比較句構】

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解析文法

◎ 一般比較句構

1. 一般比較句構的句型:
   比較級形容詞 / 副詞 + than... 比⋯⋯更加⋯⋯
   less + 原級形容詞 / 副詞 + than... 比⋯⋯更不⋯⋯
   He is more / less careful than John.(他比約翰還/更不謹慎。)
2. 比較級形容詞和副詞的變化規則:
   單音節的形容詞和副詞幾乎都採字尾變化，甚少用 more 修飾;兩音節的形容詞和副詞採不規則變化 (改變字尾，或用 more 修飾並保留原級);而三音節以上的形容詞和副詞幾乎皆用 more 修飾，並保留原 級。採字尾變化的形容詞和副詞不得再以 more 修飾，否則會造成雙重比較;而被 less 修飾的形容詞和副 詞，不論音節，均使用原級。

Henry runs faster than Peter.(亨利跑得比彼得還快。)

He visits us less often than John.(他沒有約翰那麼常來看我們。)

3. than 引導的副詞子句句構需與主要子句句構一致，若兩句的時態一致，可將該副詞子句中的 be 動詞、助動詞或 do / does / did 予以省略，僅保留主詞。
   He is less responsible than you (are).(他比你還不負責任。)
4. 比較對象不是不同人或物、而是與自己做比較時，需注意時態;再者，若主要子句與 than 引導的副 詞子句中皆有對等的介詞片語、或 than 子句中有 when 引導的副詞子句修飾時，than 之後的主詞 及動詞或助動詞部分可予以省略。
   Jim is happier with Mary than (he is) with Jane.(吉姆跟瑪麗在一起要比跟阿珍在一起來得快樂。)

He is much thinner than (he was) when I saw him two months ago.(他比我兩個月前看見他時瘦多了。)

5. 「主詞 + 介詞片語」或「所有格 + 主詞」極易形成錯誤對象的比較，而為避免重複，比較對象為單數 時用 that，複數則用 those。
   Students in this school study harder than that school. (╳)

→ Students in this school study harder than those in that school. (○)

本校的學生要比那所學校的學生來得用功。

6. 「比較級形容詞 / 副詞 + than...」句構中，若比較的對象為兩個形容詞，則用 more 修飾第一個形容 詞，且兩個形容詞一律使用原級。
   He is more good than bad.(他好的一面多過壞的一面。)
7. 注意同範圍及不同範圍的比較。
   He is taller than any other student / all the other students / anyone else in his class. 他比他班上任何一位學生都來得高。(同範圍，需排除自己)
   He is taller than any student / all the students / anyone in Mary’s class. 他比瑪麗班上任何人都來得高。(不同範圍)
8. 若干 -ior 結尾的形容詞本身已具有比較級的意味，需與介詞 to 並用，而不可用於 more... than... 或 less... than... 的句構中。此類形容詞列舉如下:

be superior to...(比⋯⋯優越)、be inferior to...(比⋯⋯差勁)、be senior to...(比⋯⋯年長/地位 高)、be junior to...(比⋯⋯年輕/地位低)。 

When it comes to singing, John is superior to most of his classmates.

  說到唱歌，約翰唱得比他大多數同學都來得好。

9. 最高級副詞修飾動詞或副詞時，不一定要加定冠詞 the，但最高級形容詞修飾名詞時，則需加 the。

         Of the four students, he treats people (the) best.(這四個學生中，他待人最好。)

         Mike is the best student of all.(麥克是所有學生中最棒的。)

◎ 原級比較句構

1. 原級比較句構的句型:
   as + Adj./Adv. + as... 與⋯⋯一樣地⋯⋯
   not so / as + Adj./Adv. + as... 不與⋯⋯一樣地⋯⋯

         He is as careful as Peter.(他與彼得一樣謹慎。)

1. 在 “as... as...” 原級比較句構中，第一個 as 是副詞，譯成「一樣地」，之後接形容詞或副詞，第二個 

as 則為連接詞，譯成「和、與」。 

He is as handsome as John (is).(他和約翰一樣帥氣。)

                    Adj.

3. 肯定句只能使用 “as... as...”;否定句則可使用 “not as... as...” 或 “not so... as...”。 

           a. 肯定句

He is so careful as Peter. (╳) → He is as careful as Peter. (○)

b. 否定句
He is not so careful as Peter.

          = He is not as careful as Peter.

4. “as... as...” 句構中，可插入含有形容詞的單數可數名詞。
   Sherry is as beautiful a girl as her sister.(雪莉是個和她姊姊一樣美麗的女孩。)
5. “as... as...” 亦可與複數名詞或不可數名詞並用，句型如下:
   as many / few + 複數名詞 + as... 和⋯⋯一樣多/少的⋯⋯
   as much / little + 不可數名詞 + as... 和⋯⋯一樣多/少的⋯⋯
   He has as many comic books as Tom (does).(他的漫畫書跟湯姆的一樣多。)
   Kathy makes as much money per month as Jenny (does).(凱西每個月賺的錢與珍妮一樣多。)

 

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 精選試題 

1. Jimmy treats people more politely than ______ when I first met him three years ago.

(A) he does (B) he has (C) he did (D) he was

2. The population of Tokyo is larger than ______. 

(A) London (B) that of London (C) in London (D) those in London

3. To stay healthy, I try to exercise _____. 

(A) as often as I can (B) as often as I possible (C) as I possibly can (D) as possible as I can

 

答案:1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A)

 

 

 

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