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✶「鴉」倒眾生的鳥界天才 The Cleverness of Cunning Crows
The Cleverness of Cunning Crows
#閱讀測驗 #動物 #娛樂·新奇
難度 收藏文章
什麼動物是地球上最聰明的呢？很多人會想到大象和牠 們絕佳的記憶力，或是擁有龐大、複雜大腦的海豚
>> 海底波動拳 槍蝦的「聲」存之道Pistol Shrimp: Small Shrimp, Big Sound(全程英文講解)
閱讀測驗
What is the smartest animal on the planet? Many people think of elephants and their incredible memories or dolphins with their large, complex brains. One of the most surprisingly clever animals is a black bird seen almost everywhere in the world—the crow. These birds’ sophisticated brains are capable of performing amazing feats of memory and problem-solving.
For one thing, crows can tell us apart and even remember their interactions with us. In one experiment, a scientist wore a caveman mask before trapping some crows to put bands on their legs. The crows were not pleased with being trapped, and after being released, they made loud, harsh sounds at the person in the mask. Over several years, anyone in a caveman mask triggered hostile responses from crows, whether they were previously captured or not. This showed that crows not only have excellent memory and facial recognition, but they can also pass on information to other members of their group.
>> 美國水族館開設企鵝養老村/旅宿業吹起綠色風潮 減少房務來種樹
The ways crows solve problems have also fascinated researchers. In Japan and California, crows have been observed reading traffic signals and dropping nuts on the road during red lights. After the light turns green and cars run the nuts over, the crows collect the cracked nuts during the following red light. New Caledonian crows also make and use hooks to get insects out of small holes. Another study reveals this species of crow possesses the ability to construct complex tools by combining smaller components. This capacity is primarily seen in apes and humans, making the crow’s behavior particularly exceptional.
Next time you see a flock of crows, consider their amazing brains. It may even be in your interest to make friends with these clever black birds.
1. What was the purpose of the caveman mask in the first experiment?
(A) To help researchers hide from crows.
(B) To make the crows in the experiment feel scared.
(C) To see if crows could remember a certain face.
(D) To find out whether crows liked modern people more.
2. According to the passage, what do crows make use of traffic lights for?
(A) Collecting nuts.
(B) Finding hidden nuts.
(C) Breaking shells of nuts.
(D) Picking out high-quality nuts.
3. Whose statement best matches the description of New Caledonian crows in the passage?
(A)
Ethan
The crows make tools to crack nuts open.
(B)
Taylor
The crows use sticks to build their nests.
(C)
Luna
The crows drop objects in holes to kill insects.
(D)
Maya
The crows bend a piece of wire into a curve to grab bugs.
4. What does the author mean by “This capacity” in the third paragraph?
(A) The tool-making skill.
(B) The skill of gathering nuts.
(C) The facial-recognition ability.
(D) The ability to read traffic signals.
單字片語整理
Words in Use
●●vt. 使......感興趣n. 興趣;愛好n. 利息[U]三態interest / interested [ˋɪntərɪstɪd] / interested [ˋɪntərɪstɪd]=hobby=attractThe novel interested me a lot. I want to read it again.
我對那本小說很感興趣。我想要再讀一遍。
I have no interest in music. I love dancing.
我對音樂沒興趣，我喜歡跳舞。
Playing computer games is Henry's main interest.
亨利最主要的嗜好是玩電腦遊戲。
多益綠色英檢初級高中 Level 1●n. 狡猾，機靈a. 狡猾的=sly=crafty=foxyThe fox is often portrayed as a cunning animal in fairy tales.
童話故事裡，狐狸通常被描述成狡猾的動物。Keep Paul at a distance. He is cunning and likes to take advantage of people.
跟保羅保持距離。他很狡猾，喜歡占大家便宜。The team displayed cunning and intelligence and went on to win the game.
這支隊伍展現機靈與智慧而贏得了比賽。高中 Level 4●●●vt. 設陷阱捕捉n. 陷阱；圈套，騙局，詭計三態trap / trapped [træpt] / trapped [træpt]A lion was caught in the hunter’s trap.
一頭獅子困在獵人的陷阱中。Don’t fall into the trap of buying more than you need.
別掉入圈套去買你不需要的東西。The reporter asked the natives how they trap animals.
記者問當地人他們是如何設陷阱捕捉動物的。Many people were trapped in the building when a fire broke out.
失火時，很多人被困在大樓裡。高中 Level 2●a. （環境／條件）惡劣的，艱苦的，嚴厲的，殘酷的；刺眼的=severeThe punishment for such a young student was too harsh.
這懲罰對這麼年輕的學生來說太嚴苛了些。Don't you think you're a little too harsh on your children?
你難道不覺得你對孩子太過嚴厲了嗎？Terry was confronted with the harsh realities of job hunting after he graduated from college.
泰瑞大學畢業後便面臨找工作的殘酷現實。The desert has a harsh climate with little rain.
沙漠的氣候十分惡劣，幾乎沒有雨水。Ethan found the harsh contrast between black text and a bright background uncomfortable.
伊森覺得黑字配上亮底形成的刺眼對比讓人不適。多益金色英檢中級高中 Level 4●vt. 逮捕；獲得，引起（注意）；俘獲（人心）；（用文字、圖片等）記錄n. 逮捕vt. 刻畫，描繪，（用照片等）捕捉到／呈現出⋯⋯=seize=arrest=apprehendPolice have finally captured the leader of the criminal organization.
警方終於逮捕了該犯罪組織的首腦。The singer captured the audience's attention with her good looks and beautiful voice.
這位歌手以其亮麗外型與美妙歌聲獲得觀眾注目。J.K. Rowling captured the headlines shortly after the release of her novel Harry Potter.
J.K. 羅琳發表她的小說《哈利波特》之後，旋即獲得媒體大篇幅報導。The capture of the rebel leader is a great victory for the government troops.
俘虜叛軍領袖是政府軍的一大勝利。The Great Gatsby captures the lifestyle in the US in the 1920s.
《大亨小傳》刻畫出美國 1920 年代的生活樣貌。Andy's smile captured my heart right away.
安迪的微笑立刻俘獲了我的心。The whole accident was captured by a nearby security camera.
整起意外都被附近的監視器拍到。多益藍色英檢中級高中 Level 3●n. 認出；承認，認可；辨識，辨認=acknowledgement=creditThere was no recognition in my old friend’s eyes when he saw me.
我的老友見到我時沒有認出我來。The scholar has won international recognition for his great findings.
這位學者的重大發現獲得了國際認可。
The test checks students' word recognition skills.
這項測驗確認學生的單字辨認能力。多益金色英檢中級高中 Level 4●●vi. 破裂vt. 解開（密碼）n. 裂縫Most of the eggs Erin bought cracked when she dropped her basket.
大部分艾琳買的蛋在她的籃子掉到地上時都破了。After hours of trial and error, Ted cracked the code.
經過好幾個小時的反覆試驗後，泰迪終於解開密碼了。
Dad won’t allow me to go skating today because of the dangerous cracks in the ice.
老爸今天不讓我去溜冰，因為冰上有危險的裂縫。The police will spare no effort to crack down on the underworld.
警方將全力掃黑。多益金色英檢中級高中 Level 4●●n. 容量；能力；職位The stadium has a seating capacity of 1,000.
該體育場可以容納一千人。Everyone is born with an immense capacity for love.
每個人生來就有無限去愛的能力。In my capacity as general manager of this company, I would like to recommend Mr. Peter M. Johnson to you.
本人以本公司總經理的身分向您推薦彼得•M •強森先生。多益藍色英檢中級高中 Level 4Extra Words
●●●caveman[ˋkev͵mæn]n. 穴居人●vt. 觸發，引起n. 扳機 ; 引發物The dust in the air triggered David's allergy.
空氣中的灰塵引發大衛過敏。The policeman negotiating with the gunman asked him to remove his finger from the trigger.
警察和持槍者談判，要求他把手指從板機上移開。Fireworks displays and thunder are common triggers for anxiety among combat veterans.
煙火和雷聲是引起老兵們焦慮的常見因素。多益金色英檢中高高中 Level 5●adj. 有敵意的，不友善的 ; (生長條件)惡劣的The government’s project to build a nuclear plant was met with a hostile reception from locals.
政府興建核電廠的計畫遭到當地居民惡意回應。After James and Lisa broke up, he was hostile towards her and often said bad things about her.
詹姆士和麗莎分手後對她懷有敵意，還經常說她的壞話。No plants can possibly grow in such a hostile environment.
在如此惡劣的環境中植物很難生長。多益金色英檢中高高中 Level 5●●a. 組成的n. 要素；（機器、電腦等）零件；組成部分=elementEconomic diplomacy has been a key component of India's foreign policy.
經濟外交一直以來都是印度外交政策重要的一部分。The company made and sold computer components to various manufacturers in Asia.
這間公司製造和販賣電腦零件給亞洲不同的製造商。Jason works as a sales manager for a company that sells automotive component parts.
傑森在一間銷售汽車零件的公司擔任業務經理。多益金色英檢中高高中 Level 5Practical Phrases
●tell... apart分辨出……的不同It is quite hard to tell these ducklings apart.
要分辨出這些小鴨間的差異相當不容易。●pass on sth to傳遞某事物給⋯⋯Can you pass on this message to Sarah when you see her?
你遇到莎拉時，能把這則訊息轉達給她嗎？●run... over / run over...輾過⋯⋯The driver didn't see the crab and accidentally ran it over.
那個駕駛沒看到那隻螃蟹而不小心輾過牠。●be in one’s interest(s) to...做⋯⋯對某人有益處cleverness n. 聰穎，機靈
• The detective’s cleverness in solving cases is impressive.
該警探解決案件的聰明才智讓人佩服。
clever a. 聰明伶俐的（指在某個情況下靈活變通，想出應對方法）
• Tim is clever and is even able to convince tough customers to make an order.
提姆很聰明伶俐，甚至能說服難纏的客戶下訂單。
cleverness 是從形容詞 clever 衍生而來的名詞，
以下介紹其他亦表「聰明的」之意的形容詞：
a. bright a.（尤指小孩或年輕人）聰明的
• The bright kid excelled in all subjects.
那個聰明的小孩各個科目都很擅長。
b. brilliant a. 極其聰穎的
• The brilliant scientist made remarkable discoveries in the field of physics.
那位聰明絕頂的科學家在物理領域有卓越的發現。
c. gifted a. 天資聰穎的
• The gifted pianist started playing at a professional level at a very young age.
那名天才鋼琴家年紀輕輕就開始以專業水準彈奏鋼琴。
d. intelligent a. 聰穎的，智商高的（尤指天生思維敏捷的）
• The intelligent student grasped new concepts quickly and effortlessly.
那位聰穎的學生很快就輕鬆理解了新概念。
e. wise a. 有智慧的（尤指人生歷練豐富而變得有智慧）
• Wise parents know when to step back and let their children learn from mistakes.
有智慧的父母知道何時該退一步，讓孩子從錯誤中學習。
This showed that crows not only have excellent memory and facial recognition, but they can also pass on information to other members of their group.
介紹對等連接詞片語 not only... but also... 的用法
★ not only... but (also)... 不僅⋯⋯而且⋯⋯
= not merely... but (also)...
= not only / merely... but... as well
※ not only... but also... 是由基本的對等連接詞 but 變化而來，可用以連接結構對等或文法功能相同的字詞或子句。
a. 連接字詞：
• The movie is not only entertaining but (also) inspiring.
那部電影不僅有趣，而且很有啟發性。
b. 連接片語：
• Reading not only expands our knowledge but (also) improves our language skills.
閱讀不僅可以拓展知識，而且能增進我們的語言技巧。
c. 連接子句：
• Chris was tired not only because he was busy but (also) because he had a long commute.
克里斯很累，不僅因為他很忙，也是因為他通勤時間很長。
※ not only... but (also)... 連接對等的主詞時，其後動詞要隨最近的主詞，即 but (also) 之後的主詞做變化。
• Not only my dad but (also) my brothers like to play basketball.
不只是我爸愛打籃球，我的兄弟們也是。
※ not only... but (also)... 連接對等的主要子句時，not only 要置於句首，且由於 not only 視為否定副詞，故其後的第一個主要子句要倒裝；but also 僅為連接詞，故其後的第二個主要子句不須倒裝。
• Not only did the team win the competition, but they (also) broke the record.
那支隊伍不只贏了比賽，他們還破了紀錄。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
精選試題
Not only my parents but also my sister _____ to France several times.
(A) goes (B) go
(C) has been (D) have been
答案：C
「鴉」倒眾生的鳥界天才
什麼動物是地球上最聰明的呢？很多人會想到大象和牠們絕佳的記憶力，或是擁有龐大、複雜大腦的海豚。最令人驚奇的聰明動物之一是世界上幾乎隨處可見的黑鳥 ── 烏鴉。這些鳥類精密的大腦能夠驚人地發揮出記憶力和解決問題的能力。
首先，烏鴉可以辨別我們，甚至會記得牠們與我們的互動。在一項實驗中，一位科學家戴上穴居人面具，然後捕捉一些烏鴉，在牠們的腿上綁上帶子。那些烏鴉對被抓住很不悅，被釋放後，牠們對戴著面具的人發出大聲且刺耳的聲音。幾年來，任何戴著穴居人面具的人都會引發烏鴉的敵意反應，無論牠們之前有沒有被捕捉過都一樣。這表明烏鴉不僅具有出色的記憶力和臉部辨識能力，牠們還可以將資訊傳遞給群體的其他成員。
烏鴉解決問題的方式也讓研究人員深感興趣。在日本和加州，有人觀察到烏鴉看得懂交通號誌並會在紅燈時把堅果丟在道路上。燈號轉綠燈、汽車輾過堅果後，那些烏鴉會在下一次紅燈亮起時蒐集裂開的堅果。新喀鴉還會製作並使用鉤子將昆蟲從小洞中取出。另一項研究顯示，這一種烏鴉能夠組合較小的零件來建構出複雜的工具。這種能力主要是在猿類和人類身上看到，這使得這一種烏鴉的行為格外不凡。
下次當你看到一群烏鴉時，想想牠們讓人歎為觀止的大腦。與這些聰明的黑鳥交朋友甚至可能對你有益處。
1. 在第一個實驗中，穴居人面具的用途是什麼？
(A) 幫助研究人員躲避烏鴉。
(B) 讓受試的烏鴉感到害怕。
(C) 看看烏鴉能否記得某個臉孔。
(D) 查明烏鴉是不是比較喜歡現代人。
2. 根據本文，烏鴉利用交通號誌燈做什麼事？
(A) 蒐集堅果。 (B) 尋找隱藏的堅果。
(C) 打破堅果殼。 (D) 挑選出優質的堅果。
3. 誰的說法最符合文中對新喀鴉的描述？
(A) 伊森：那些烏鴉製作工具來打開堅果。
(B) 泰勒：那些烏鴉用樹枝築巢。
(C) 露娜：那些烏鴉會把物品丟到洞裡以殺死昆蟲。
(D) 瑪雅：那些烏鴉將鐵絲彎成曲線來捕捉蟲子。
題解: 本文第三段提及，新喀鴉會製作並使用鉤子將昆蟲從小洞中取出，符合選項 (D) 敘述，故選之。
4. 作者在第三段所說的 “This capacity” 是什麼意思？
(A) 製作工具的技能。 (B) 採集堅果的技能。
(C) 臉部辨識能力。 (D) 讀懂交通號誌的能力。
答案： 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. A
本篇內容出自《常春藤解析/生活英語雜誌》，
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